This guide provides a complete walkthrough for building a Next.js application capable of sending Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) messages using the Plivo API. We will cover everything from initial project setup to deployment considerations, enabling you to integrate MMS capabilities into your applications effectively.

We will build a simple web interface allowing users to input a recipient phone number, a message, and a media URL, which will then be sent as an MMS message via a Next.js API route interacting with the Plivo Node.js SDK.

Prerequisites

Before starting, ensure you have the following:

1. Node.js and npm/yarn: Installed on your development machine (Node.js v18 or later recommended). Download Node.js
2. Plivo Account: A registered Plivo account. Sign up for Plivo.
3. Plivo Auth ID and Auth Token: Found on your Plivo Console dashboard homepage.
4. MMS-Enabled Plivo Phone Number: You need a Plivo phone number capable of sending MMS messages (currently supported for US and Canadian numbers). You can rent one via the Plivo Console under ""Phone Numbers"" > ""Buy Numbers"". Ensure MMS capability is listed for the number.
5. Verified Destination Number (Trial Accounts): If using a Plivo trial account, the destination phone number must be verified (sandboxed) in the Plivo Console under ""Phone Numbers"" > ""Sandbox Numbers"".
6. Code Editor: Such as VS Code.
7. Git: For version control (optional but recommended).

Project Overview and Goals

Goal: To create a functional Next.js application that allows sending MMS messages (text + image/GIF) via the Plivo API.

Problem Solved: Provides a clear, secure, and scalable way to integrate programmatic MMS sending into a modern web application framework like Next.js.

Technologies Used:

• Next.js: A React framework for building server-side rendered (SSR) and static web applications. Chosen for its robust features, API routes, and developer experience.
• React: For building the user interface.
• Node.js: The runtime environment for Next.js and the Plivo SDK.
• Plivo Node.js SDK: Simplifies interaction with the Plivo REST API.
• Plivo API: The underlying communications API for sending MMS.

System Architecture:

The data flow is as follows:

1. The user interacts with a form in their browser (React component in pages/index.js).
2. On submission, the frontend sends a POST request containing the recipient number (to), message text (text), and media URL (mediaUrl) to a Next.js API route (/api/send-mms).
3. The API route (running server-side on Node.js) receives the request, validates the data, and uses the Plivo Node.js SDK (with Auth ID/Token) to make an authenticated request to the Plivo API.
4. The Plivo API processes the request and sends the MMS message to the recipient.
5. Plivo returns a response (e.g., message UUID, status) to the API route.
6. The API route sends a success or error response back to the frontend.

Expected Outcome: A running Next.js application with a webpage containing a form. Submitting the form successfully sends an MMS message containing the specified text and media to the target phone number.

1. Setting Up the Next.js Project

Let's start by creating a new Next.js project and installing the necessary Plivo SDK.

1. Create a Next.js App: Open your terminal and run the following command. Replace plivo-mms-sender with your desired project name. We'll use TypeScript for enhanced type safety, but you can opt for JavaScript if preferred.

   bash

   npx create-next-app@latest plivo-mms-sender --typescript --eslint --tailwind --src-dir --app --import-alias ""@/*""
   # Follow the prompts (you can accept defaults)
   
   • --typescript: Initializes the project with TypeScript.
   • --eslint: Includes ESLint for code linting.
   • --tailwind: Sets up Tailwind CSS for styling (optional, but useful for UI).
   • --src-dir: Creates a src directory for organizing code.
   • --app: Uses the newer App Router (recommended).
   • --import-alias ""@/*"": Configures path aliases.

2. Navigate to Project Directory:

   bash

   cd plivo-mms-sender
   

3. Install Plivo Node.js SDK: Add the Plivo helper library to your project dependencies.

   bash

   npm install plivo
   # or using yarn:
   # yarn add plivo
   

4. Set Up Environment Variables: Sensitive credentials like API keys should never be hardcoded. We'll use environment variables. Create a file named .env.local in the root of your project. Important: Add .env.local to your .gitignore file to prevent committing secrets.

   • Create the .gitignore file if it doesn't exist or add the following line:

     # .gitignore
     .env*.local
     

   • Create the .env.local file:

     bash

     touch .env.local
     

   • Add your Plivo credentials and sender ID (your Plivo number) to .env.local:

     bash

     # .env.local
     # Plivo Credentials - Found on Plivo Console Dashboard
     PLIVO_AUTH_ID=YOUR_PLIVO_AUTH_ID
     PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN=YOUR_PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN
     
     # Your MMS-Enabled Plivo Phone Number (Digits only, e.g., 14155551212)
     PLIVO_SENDER_ID=YOUR_PLIVO_PHONE_NUMBER_DIGITS_ONLY
     

   • Explanation:

     • PLIVO_AUTH_ID, PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN: Used by the Plivo SDK to authenticate API requests. Obtained from the Plivo Console.
     • PLIVO_SENDER_ID: The src (source) phone number for sending MMS. Must be an MMS-enabled number rented from Plivo, provided here as digits only (e.g., 14155551212).
     • Next.js automatically loads variables prefixed with NEXT_PUBLIC_ into the browser environment. Since our API key usage is server-side only (in the API route), we do not need the NEXT_PUBLIC_ prefix, keeping our credentials secure.
     • Important: After creating or modifying the .env.local file, you must restart your Next.js development server (npm run dev) for the changes to take effect.

5. Project Structure Overview (Simplified): Your relevant project structure should look something like this:

   plaintext

   plivo-mms-sender/
   └── src/
       └── app/
           ├── api/
           │   └── send-mms/
           │       └── route.ts       # <-- Our API endpoint logic
           ├── layout.tsx
           └── page.tsx             # <-- Our Frontend UI
   └── .env.local                   # <-- Plivo credentials (Git ignored)
   └── .gitignore
   └── next.config.mjs
   └── package.json
   └── tsconfig.json
   
   • src/app/api/send-mms/route.ts: This file will contain the server-side logic to handle requests and interact with the Plivo API.
   • src/app/page.tsx: This will contain the React component for our user interface (the form).
   • .env.local: Stores our sensitive credentials.

2. Implementing Core Functionality (API Endpoint)

Now_ let's build the API route that will handle the MMS sending logic.

1. Create the API Route File: Create the directory structure and file src/app/api/send-mms/route.ts.

2. Implement the API Logic: Paste the following code into src/app/api/send-mms/route.ts:

   typescript

   // src/app/api/send-mms/route.ts
   import { NextRequest_ NextResponse } from 'next/server';
   import * as plivo from 'plivo';
   
   // Validate environment variables on server start
   const authId = process.env.PLIVO_AUTH_ID;
   const authToken = process.env.PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN;
   const senderId = process.env.PLIVO_SENDER_ID;
   
   if (!authId || !authToken || !senderId) {
       console.error(""Plivo credentials or Sender ID are missing in environment variables."");
       // In a real app_ you might throw an error or handle this more gracefully
       // For this example_ we log and proceed_ but requests will fail later.
   }
   
   // Basic regex for E.164-like format (allows optional '+') for destination
   const phoneRegexDest = /^\+?[1-9]\d{1_14}$/;
   // Stricter regex for Sender ID from .env (digits only expected)
   const phoneRegexSrc = /^[1-9]\d{9_14}$/; // Adjust min/max length as needed
   
   export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       // Ensure Plivo credentials are loaded correctly within the request context
       if (!authId || !authToken || !senderId) {
           return NextResponse.json(
               { error: 'Server configuration error: Plivo credentials missing.' }_
               { status: 500 }
           );
       }
   
       // Validate Sender ID format from .env.local early
       if (!phoneRegexSrc.test(senderId)) {
            console.error(`Invalid PLIVO_SENDER_ID format in .env.local: ${senderId}. Expected digits only (e.g._ 14155551212).`);
            return NextResponse.json(
               { error: 'Server configuration error: Invalid Sender ID format.' }_
               { status: 500 }
           );
       }
   
       let client: plivo.Client | null = null;
       try {
           client = new plivo.Client(authId_ authToken);
       } catch (error) {
           console.error(""Failed to initialize Plivo client:""_ error);
           return NextResponse.json(
               { error: 'Failed to initialize Plivo client.' }_
               { status: 500 }
           );
       }
   
       try {
           const body = await request.json();
           const { to_ text_ mediaUrl } = body;
   
           // --- Input Validation ---
           if (!to || !text || !mediaUrl) {
               return NextResponse.json(
                   { error: 'Missing required fields: to_ text_ mediaUrl' }_
                   { status: 400 } // Bad Request
               );
           }
   
           // Basic E.164-like check. Consider using libphonenumber-js for robust validation.
           if (!phoneRegexDest.test(to)) {
                return NextResponse.json(
                   { error: 'Invalid ""to"" phone number format. Use E.164 format (e.g._ +14155551234).' }_
                   { status: 400 }
               );
           }
   
           // Basic URL format check
            try {
               new URL(mediaUrl);
           } catch (_) {
               return NextResponse.json(
                   { error: 'Invalid ""mediaUrl"" format.' }_
                   { status: 400 }
               );
           }
           // --- End Input Validation ---
   
           console.log(`Attempting to send MMS to: ${to} from: ${senderId}`);
   
           const response = await client.messages.create(
               senderId_ // src: Your Plivo number (digits only from .env.local)
               to_       // dst: Recipient number (E.164 format from request body)
               text_     // text: Message content from request body
               { // options
                   type: ""mms""_
                   media_urls: [mediaUrl] // Media URL from request body
               }
               // Plivo SDK v4+ typically handles formatting 'src' if needed_ but providing digits is safest.
           );
   
           console.log(""Plivo API Response:""_ response);
   
           // Successfully sent
           return NextResponse.json(
               {
                   success: true_
                   message: `MMS queued successfully to ${to}`_
                   // Plivo Node SDK v4+ returns messageUuid in an array_ even for single sends.
                   message_uuid: response.messageUuid?.[0]
               }_
               { status: 200 } // OK
           );
   
       } catch (error: any) {
           console.error(""Error sending MMS via Plivo:""_ error);
   
           // Provide more specific feedback if possible
           let errorMessage = 'Failed to send MMS.';
           if (error.message) {
                errorMessage = `Failed to send MMS: ${error.message}`;
           }
           // Plivo errors often have more details in error.response or similar properties.
           // Consider logging the full error object for debugging.
   
           return NextResponse.json(
               { error: errorMessage }_
               { status: 500 } // Internal Server Error
           );
       }
   }
   
   // Optional: Handle other methods like GET if needed_ otherwise they default to 405 Method Not Allowed
   export async function GET() {
       return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Method Not Allowed' }_ { status: 405 });
   }
   
   • Explanation:
     • We import NextRequest_ NextResponse from next/server and the plivo SDK.
     • We read the Plivo credentials and sender ID from process.env. Crucially_ this happens server-side_ protecting your keys. We add checks to ensure these variables are present.
     • The POST function is the handler for POST requests to /api/send-mms.
     • It initializes the Plivo Client using the Auth ID and Token.
     • It parses the incoming JSON request body to get to_ text_ and mediaUrl.
     • Input Validation: It performs basic checks:
       • Ensures all required fields are present.
       • Validates the format of the to phone number (E.164-like) and mediaUrl.
       • Validates the format of the senderId from .env.local (digits only).
       • Returns a 400 Bad Request or 500 Internal Server Error if validation fails.
     • It calls client.messages.create() with:
       • src: Your Plivo number (senderId_ digits only).
       • dst: The recipient number (to).
       • text: The message text (text).
       • options: An object specifying the message type as ""mms"" and providing the media_urls as an array containing the mediaUrl.
     • Error Handling: It uses a try...catch block to handle potential errors during the API call (e.g._ invalid credentials_ network issues_ Plivo API errors). It logs the error server-side and returns a 500 Internal Server Error response with an error message.
     • Success Response: If the Plivo API call is successful (doesn't throw an error)_ it returns a 200 OK response with a success message and the message_uuid provided by Plivo (accessing the first element of the messageUuid array).
     • A basic GET handler is added to return 405 Method Not Allowed if someone tries to access the endpoint via GET.

3. Building the Frontend Interface

Now_ let's create the form in our main page component (src/app/page.tsx) to interact with the API endpoint.

1. Clear Boilerplate and Add Form: Replace the contents of src/app/page.tsx with the following code:

   typescript

   // src/app/page.tsx
   'use client'; // Required for components with hooks (useState_ useEffect)
   
   import { useState_ FormEvent } from 'react';
   
   export default function HomePage() {
       const [to_ setTo] = useState('');
       const [text_ setText] = useState('');
       // Default to a known working GIF for ease of testing
       const [mediaUrl_ setMediaUrl] = useState('https://media.giphy.com/media/tPerToLqZRRFa8/giphy.gif');
       const [statusMessage_ setStatusMessage] = useState('');
       const [isLoading_ setIsLoading] = useState(false);
       const [isError_ setIsError] = useState(false);
   
       const handleSubmit = async (event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement&gt;) =&gt; {
           event.preventDefault(); // Prevent default form submission
           setIsLoading(true);
           setStatusMessage('');
           setIsError(false);
   
           try {
               const response = await fetch('/api/send-mms', {
                   method: 'POST',
                   headers: {
                       'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                   },
                   body: JSON.stringify({ to, text, mediaUrl }),
               });
   
               const result = await response.json();
   
               if (!response.ok) {
                   // Handle HTTP errors (4xx, 5xx)
                   throw new Error(result.error || `HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
               }
   
               // Success
               setStatusMessage(`Success: ${result.message} (UUID: ${result.message_uuid})`);
               // Optionally clear the form on success
               // setTo('');
               // setText('');
               // setMediaUrl('https://media.giphy.com/media/tPerToLqZRRFa8/giphy.gif'); // Reset to default or empty
   
           } catch (error: any) {
               console.error('Submission error:', error);
               setStatusMessage(`Error: ${error.message || 'Failed to send MMS.'}`);
               setIsError(true);
           } finally {
               setIsLoading(false);
           }
       };
   
       return (
           <main className=""flex min-h-screen flex-col items-center justify-center p-8 bg-gray-100""&gt;
               <div className=""w-full max-w-md p-8 space-y-6 bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md""&gt;
                   <h1 className=""text-2xl font-bold text-center text-gray-800""&gt;Send Plivo MMS</h1&gt;
   
                   <form onSubmit={handleSubmit} className=""space-y-4""&gt;
                       <div&gt;
                           <label htmlFor=""to"" className=""block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700""&gt;
                               To Phone Number:
                           </label&gt;
                           <input
                               type=""tel""
                               id=""to""
                               value={to}
                               onChange={(e) =&gt; setTo(e.target.value)}
                               required
                               placeholder=""+14155551234""
                               className=""mt-1 block w-full px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 rounded-md shadow-sm placeholder-gray-400 focus:outline-none focus:ring-indigo-500 focus:border-indigo-500 sm:text-sm""
                           /&gt;
                            <p className=""mt-1 text-xs text-gray-500""&gt;Include country code (e.g., +1 for US/Canada).</p&gt;
                       </div&gt;
   
                       <div&gt;
                           <label htmlFor=""text"" className=""block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700""&gt;
                               Message Text:
                           </label&gt;
                           <textarea
                               id=""text""
                               value={text}
                               onChange={(e) =&gt; setText(e.target.value)}
                               required
                               rows={3}
                               placeholder=""Your message here...""
                               className=""mt-1 block w-full px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 rounded-md shadow-sm placeholder-gray-400 focus:outline-none focus:ring-indigo-500 focus:border-indigo-500 sm:text-sm""
                           /&gt;
                       </div&gt;
   
                        <div&gt;
                           <label htmlFor=""mediaUrl"" className=""block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700""&gt;
                               Media URL (Image/GIF):
                           </label&gt;
                           <input
                               type=""url""
                               id=""mediaUrl""
                               value={mediaUrl}
                               onChange={(e) =&gt; setMediaUrl(e.target.value)}
                               required
                               placeholder=""https://example.com/image.gif""
                               className=""mt-1 block w-full px-3 py-2 border border-gray-300 rounded-md shadow-sm placeholder-gray-400 focus:outline-none focus:ring-indigo-500 focus:border-indigo-500 sm:text-sm""
                           /&gt;
                            <p className=""mt-1 text-xs text-gray-500""&gt;Must be a publicly accessible URL.</p&gt;
                       </div&gt;
   
                       <button
                           type=""submit""
                           disabled={isLoading}
                           className=""w-full flex justify-center py-2 px-4 border border-transparent rounded-md shadow-sm text-sm font-medium text-white bg-indigo-600 hover:bg-indigo-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-indigo-500 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed""
                       &gt;
                           {isLoading ? 'Sending...' : 'Send MMS'}
                       </button&gt;
                   </form&gt;
   
                   {statusMessage && (
                       <div className={`mt-4 p-3 rounded-md text-sm ${isError ? 'bg-red-100 text-red-700' : 'bg-green-100 text-green-700'}`}&gt;
                           {statusMessage}
                       </div&gt;
                   )}
               </div&gt;
           </main&gt;
       );
   }
   
   • Explanation:
     • 'use client': This directive marks the component as a Client Component, necessary because we use React hooks (useState).
     • State Variables: useState hooks manage the form inputs (to, text, mediaUrl), loading state (isLoading), error state (isError), and status messages (statusMessage).
     • handleSubmit Function:
       • Prevents the default form submission behavior.
       • Sets loading state and clears previous status messages.
       • Uses the fetch API to make a POST request to our /api/send-mms endpoint.
       • Sends the form data as a JSON string in the request body.
       • Sets the Content-Type header to application/json.
       • Processes the response:
         • If the response is not ok (status code outside 200-299), it throws an error using the message from the API response.
         • If successful, it updates the status message with success details from the API.
       • Handles errors using a catch block, updating the status message accordingly.
       • Uses a finally block to ensure the loading state is reset regardless of success or failure.
     • JSX Form:
       • A standard HTML form element with an onSubmit handler linked to handleSubmit.
       • Input fields for ""To Phone Number"", ""Message Text"", and ""Media URL"", bound to their respective state variables using value and onChange. Basic HTML5 validation (required, type=""tel"", type=""url"") is included.
       • A submit button that is disabled during loading.
       • A status message area that conditionally renders based on statusMessage, styled differently for success and error messages using Tailwind CSS classes.

4. Integrating with Third-Party Services (Plivo)

This section focuses specifically on the Plivo integration points.

1. Obtaining Credentials (Recap):

   • Navigate to the Plivo Console.
   • Your Auth ID and Auth Token are displayed prominently on the main dashboard page.
   • Important: Treat your Auth Token like a password – keep it secure and do not share it or commit it to version control.

2. Renting/Verifying Phone Number:

   • Go to ""Phone Numbers"" in the Plivo Console.
   • Rent Number: Click ""Buy Numbers"". Search by country (US or Canada for MMS), select features (ensure MMS is checked), choose a number, and complete the purchase.
   • Verify Sender ID: Copy the full phone number (e.g., 14155551212) that you rented and paste it as digits only as the value for PLIVO_SENDER_ID in your .env.local file.
   • Verify Destination Number (Trial Accounts Only): Go to ""Phone Numbers"" > ""Sandbox Numbers"". Click ""Add Sandbox Number"", enter the destination phone number you want to test sending to, and follow the verification process (usually involves receiving a call or SMS with a code). Only verified numbers can receive messages from trial accounts.

3. Secure Storage (.env.local):

   • As done in Step 1, store PLIVO_AUTH_ID, PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN, and PLIVO_SENDER_ID (digits only) in the .env.local file.
   • Ensure .env.local is listed in your .gitignore file. Next.js automatically makes these variables available server-side via process.env. Remember to restart the dev server after changes.

4. SDK Initialization:

   • In src/app/api/send-mms/route.ts, the Plivo client is initialized securely using the environment variables:
     typescript

     const authId = process.env.PLIVO_AUTH_ID;
     const authToken = process.env.PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN;
     // ... validation ...
     client = new plivo.Client(authId, authToken);
     
   • This happens server-side only, protecting your credentials.

5. API Call:

   • The core interaction happens via client.messages.create(...) within the API route. The parameters (src, dst, text, type, media_urls) map directly to the Plivo Message API requirements for sending an MMS. The src parameter uses the digits-only senderId from .env.local.

5. Error Handling, Logging, and Retry Mechanisms

Our current implementation includes basic error handling and logging. Let's refine it.

1. Consistent Error Strategy (API Route):

   • Validation Errors: Return 400 Bad Request with a clear error message indicating the specific field or format issue (as implemented).
   • Configuration Errors: If server-side config (like missing env vars or invalid sender ID format) is the issue, return 500 Internal Server Error and log the specific detail server-side (as implemented). Avoid exposing sensitive config details to the client.
   • Plivo API Errors: Catch errors from client.messages.create. Log the full error server-side for debugging. Return a generic 500 Internal Server Error to the client, potentially including a sanitized error message from Plivo if available and safe (e.g., error.message).
   • Initialization Errors: Handle errors during new plivo.Client() – return 500.

2. Logging (API Route):

   • We use console.log() for basic informational messages (attempting send, Plivo response) and console.error() for critical issues (missing credentials, Plivo API errors, validation failures).
   • Enhancement: For production, use a structured logging library (e.g., pino, winston) to output logs in JSON format. This makes them easier to parse, filter, and analyze with log management tools (like Datadog, Logtail, Papertrail). Include request IDs for tracing.
   typescript

   // Example using basic console logging structure
   console.log(JSON.stringify({ level: 'info', message: 'Attempting to send MMS', data: { to, from: senderId } }));
   console.error(JSON.stringify({ level: 'error', message: 'Plivo API Error', error: error.message, stack: error.stack, plivoDetails: error.response?.data })); // Log more details if available
   

3. Retry Mechanisms (Conceptual):

   • Sending an MMS is generally idempotent if using unique identifiers, but Plivo handles retries internally for deliverability to some extent. Implementing client-side retries in our API route for transient network errors or temporary Plivo issues (like 503 Service Unavailable) can improve robustness.

   • Strategy: Use a library like async-retry or implement manually.

     • Retry only on specific error types (e.g., network errors, 5xx errors from Plivo). Do not retry on 4xx errors (bad request, invalid number).
     • Implement exponential backoff (e.g., wait 1s, then 2s, then 4s) with jitter (random variation) to avoid overwhelming the API.
     • Set a maximum number of retries (e.g., 3).

   • Setup: Install the library:

     bash

     npm install async-retry @types/async-retry
     # or
     # yarn add async-retry @types/async-retry
     

   • Implementation:

     typescript

     // Conceptual example using async-retry
     import retry from 'async-retry';
     // Potentially move Plivo client initialization inside the retry scope if needed
     
     // Inside the POST function, wrap the Plivo call
     try {
        const response = await retry(
            async (bail, attempt) => { // Changed variable name for clarity
                console.log(`Attempt #${attempt}...`);
                try {
                   // Ensure client is initialized if needed within retry scope
                   if (!client) throw new Error(""Plivo client not initialized"");
     
                   const plivoResponse = await client.messages.create(
                       senderId, to, text, { type: ""mms"", media_urls: [mediaUrl] }
                   );
                   return plivoResponse; // Success!
                } catch (error: any) {
                    // Don't retry on bad requests or auth errors (4xx)
                    if (error.statusCode && error.statusCode >= 400 && error.statusCode < 500) {
                        bail(new Error(`Non-retriable Plivo error: ${error.statusCode} - ${error.message}`));
                        return; // Bail out definitively
                    }
                    // For other errors (network, 5xx), throw to trigger retry
                    console.warn(`Retrying attempt ${attempt} due to error: ${error.message}`);
                    throw error; // Throw error to signal retry is needed
                }
            },
            {
                retries: 3,        // Number of retries
                factor: 2,         // Exponential factor
                minTimeout: 1000,  // Initial timeout 1s
                randomize: true,   // Add jitter
            }
        );
        // ... handle success ...
        console.log(""Plivo API Response after retries:"", response);
        return NextResponse.json({ /* success response */ }, { status: 200 });
     
     } catch (error: any) {
        // ... handle final error after all retries failed ...
        console.error(""Failed to send MMS after multiple retries:"", error.message);
        return NextResponse.json({ error: `Failed to send MMS after retries: ${error.message}` }, { status: 500 });
     }
     

4. Frontend Error Handling:

   • The handleSubmit function in src/app/page.tsx already catches errors from the fetch call and non-OK responses.
   • It displays user-friendly messages based on the error field from the API response or a generic message. This is good practice.

6. Database Schema and Data Layer

For this specific guide (sending one-off MMS via a form), a database is not strictly required. The state is transient – we take user input, send it to Plivo, and report back.

If you needed to:

• Store message history: Track sent messages, their status (using Plivo webhooks for delivery reports), recipients, etc.
• Manage contacts: Store recipient information.
• Queue messages: Implement a more robust queuing system.

You would typically add:

1. Database Choice: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB, etc.
2. ORM/Query Builder: Prisma (recommended for Next.js/TypeScript), TypeORM, Drizzle ORM, or Knex.js.
3. Schema