Send SMS to Jamaica: 2025 API Guide | Digicel & Flow Compliance - sms-compliance -

How to Send SMS in Jamaica: Compliance, Features & API Integration

Send SMS messages to Jamaica through Digicel and Flow networks with this complete 2025 guide. Learn Data Protection Act 2020 compliance requirements, E.164 phone number formatting (+1876), API integration with Twilio, Sinch, MessageBird, and Plivo, alphanumeric sender ID setup, and proven SMS marketing best practices for the Jamaican mobile market.

Jamaica SMS Market Overview

Locale name:Jamaica
ISO code:JM
RegionNorth America
Mobile country code (MCC)338
Dialing Code+1876

Market Conditions: Two operators dominate Jamaica's mobile market – Digicel leads with approximately 2.2 million subscribers, while Flow serves around 1 million customers. SMS remains a popular communication channel despite WhatsApp's growing adoption. With over 3 million mobile users across the island (majority Android, fewer iOS), SMS provides an effective channel for business communications and marketing.

SMS Features and Capabilities for Jamaica Networks

Jamaica supports standard SMS features including concatenated messages and alphanumeric sender IDs. Two-way SMS functionality is not available, and MMS messages convert to SMS with URL links.

Two-way SMS Support

Jamaica does not support two-way SMS through major SMS providers. You cannot receive direct SMS replies from customers through standard SMS APIs.

Concatenated Messages (Segmented SMS)

Support: Yes, concatenation works across most carrier networks in Jamaica. Message length rules: Standard 160 characters for GSM-7 encoding before splitting occurs. Messages using Unicode (UCS-2) encoding are limited to 70 characters before concatenation. Encoding considerations: Use GSM-7 for basic Latin alphabet messages to maximize character limit. Use UCS-2 only when you need special characters.

MMS Support

MMS messages automatically convert to SMS with an embedded URL link to view the media content. This ensures compatibility across all devices while allowing you to share rich media with your customers.

Recipient Phone Number Compatibility

Number Portability

Status: Available since July 2015 Process: Mobile number portability (MNP) allows customers to switch between Digicel and Flow while retaining their phone numbers Porting timeline: 24 hours for mobile numbers, up to 5 business days for landlines Regulatory updates: In 2022, Jamaica updated its Industry Number Portability Guidelines to allow digital porting request forms and expand service locations

The porting process ensures reliable message routing through proper network signaling.

Sending SMS to Landlines

Sending SMS to landline numbers is not supported in Jamaica. Attempts to send messages to landline numbers will result in delivery failure and API error responses (e.g., error code 21614 for Twilio), with no charges applied to your account.

Common Error Codes:

Error CodeProviderMeaning
21614TwilioDestination number is a landline or non-mobile
21211TwilioInvalid 'To' phone number
30003TwilioUnreachable destination handset

SMS Compliance and Regulatory Guidelines for Jamaica

The Office of Utilities Regulation (OUR) oversees telecommunications services in Jamaica under the Telecommunications Act. The Jamaica Fair Trading Commission (FTC) enforces competition and consumer protection laws under the Fair Competition Act. The Data Protection Act 2020 governs the collection, use, and processing of personal data, including mobile phone numbers for SMS marketing.

Important note: Jamaica has not published specific SMS marketing regulations or guidance from regulatory authorities as of 2025. Follow the Data Protection Act 2020 and international best practices.

Explicit Consent Requirements:

  • Obtain informed, specific, unequivocal, and freely given consent before sending marketing messages (per Data Protection Act 2020)
  • Maintain consent records for at least 2 years
  • Clearly state the purpose of messaging during opt-in
  • Use double opt-in for marketing campaigns (recommended best practice)

Consent Language Example:

By checking this box and submitting this form, you agree to receive promotional SMS messages from [Your Business Name] at the number provided. Message frequency varies. Reply STOP to opt out or HELP for assistance. Message and data rates may apply.

Best Practices for Documentation:

  • Store timestamp and source of consent
  • Maintain detailed opt-in records
  • Keep clear records of consent language used
  • Document the specific services or messages the user agreed to receive

HELP/STOP and Other Commands

  • Support standard STOP and HELP commands in all SMS campaigns
  • Support keywords in English
  • Honor common variations like CANCEL, END, and QUIT
  • Include customer service contact information in HELP responses
  • Send automated confirmation messages when users opt out

Example Automated Responses:

HELP Response:

[Your Business Name]: For help, call 1-876-XXX-XXXX or email support@yourcompany.com. Msg&data rates may apply. Reply STOP to unsubscribe.

STOP Confirmation:

You have been unsubscribed from [Your Business Name] SMS messages. You will not receive further messages. Reply START to resubscribe.

Do Not Call / Do Not Disturb Registries

Jamaica does not maintain an official Do Not Call registry. Maintain your own suppression lists:

  • Honor opt-out requests immediately
  • Remove numbers within 24 hours of receiving STOP commands
  • Keep records of opted-out numbers to prevent accidental messaging
  • Sync suppression lists across all messaging systems

Time Zone Sensitivity

Jamaica observes Eastern Standard Time (EST, UTC-5) year-round and does not observe daylight saving time (discontinued October 30, 1983). Jamaica is one hour behind U.S. Eastern Time during daylight saving periods (March–November).

Recommended Sending Window: 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM EST Avoid: Sundays and public holidays Emergency messages: Send outside these hours only if urgent Best practice: Schedule campaigns between 10:00 AM and 6:00 PM for optimal engagement

Timezone Handling Example (JavaScript/TypeScript):

javascript
import { DateTime } from 'luxon';

function isWithinSendingWindow(date: DateTime): boolean {
  const jamaicaTime = date.setZone('America/Jamaica');
  const hour = jamaicaTime.hour;
  const day = jamaicaTime.weekday;

  // Check if it's Sunday (7)
  if (day === 7) return false;

  // Check if between 8 AM and 8 PM
  return hour >= 8 && hour < 20;
}

Jamaica Phone Number Formats and Sender ID Options

Phone Number Validation

Validate Jamaica phone numbers before sending to reduce errors and failed deliveries:

Format: +1876XXXXXXX (E.164 standard) Components:

  • Country code: +1
  • Area code: 876
  • Subscriber number: 7 digits

Validation Regex:

regex
^\+1876\d{7}$

Validation Example (TypeScript):

typescript
function isValidJamaicaNumber(phoneNumber: string): boolean {
  const pattern = /^\+1876\d{7}$/;
  return pattern.test(phoneNumber);
}

// Normalize common formats
function normalizeJamaicaNumber(input: string): string | null {
  // Remove spaces_ dashes_ parentheses
  const cleaned = input.replace(/[\s\-()]/g_ '');

  // Handle different input formats
  if (cleaned.match(/^1876\d{7}$/)) {
    return '+' + cleaned;
  }
  if (cleaned.match(/^876\d{7}$/)) {
    return '+1' + cleaned;
  }
  if (cleaned.match(/^\+1876\d{7}$/)) {
    return cleaned;
  }

  return null; // Invalid format
}

Alphanumeric Sender ID

Operator network capability: Supported Registration requirements: No pre-registration required – dynamic sender IDs allowed Sender ID preservation: Yes_ Jamaica preserves and displays sender IDs as sent Character limits: 3–11 characters (a-z_ A-Z_ 0-9_ single space allowed)

Good Sender ID Examples:

  • YourBrand
  • ACME Corp
  • Bank Alert

Bad Sender ID Examples:

  • AB (too short_ less than 3 characters)
  • ThisIsTooLong (exceeds 11 characters)
  • Test@Brand (contains invalid character @)

Note: Verify with your SMS provider that your account is enabled for alphanumeric sender IDs_ as some accounts may not have this feature activated by default

Long Codes

Domestic vs. International:

  • International long codes: Fully supported
  • Domestic long codes: Limited availability

Sender ID preservation: Yes_ Jamaica preserves original sender IDs Provisioning time: 1–2 business days for international numbers Cost considerations: International long codes typically cost more per message than alphanumeric sender IDs but provide reply capabilities in other markets Use cases:

  • Two-factor authentication
  • Transactional messages
  • Customer support communications

Short Codes

Support: Limited availability through carrier-specific services Carriers: Both Digicel and Flow offer proprietary short code services for internal features and partner programs Commercial availability: Short codes for third-party business SMS campaigns are not widely available through standard SMS API providers Application process: Contact carriers directly for custom short code provisioning inquiries Typical timeline: 4–8 weeks for approval and provisioning Cost: Varies by carrier – typically premium pricing compared to long codes

SMS Content Restrictions and Filtered Industries in Jamaica

Restricted Industries:

  • Gambling and betting services
  • Adult content
  • Cryptocurrency promotions
  • Unauthorized financial services

Regulated Industries:

  • Banking (requires FTC approval)
  • Healthcare (subject to privacy regulations)
  • Insurance (requires regulatory compliance)

Spam Trigger Words to Avoid:

  • FREE_ Winner_ Congratulations (all caps)
  • Click here NOW
  • Limited time offer
  • Act now_ Urgent
  • Cash bonus_ Prize
  • Multiple exclamation marks (!!!)

Content Filtering

Known Carrier Filters:

  • URLs from unknown domains
  • Multiple exclamation marks
  • ALL CAPS messages
  • Excessive special characters

Message Examples:

✅ Passes Filtering:

Your order #12345 has shipped. Track at acme.co/track Reply STOP to opt out.

❌ Likely Filtered:

CONGRATULATIONS!!! You WON FREE CASH!!! Click here NOW: bit.ly/xyz123!!!

Tips to Avoid Blocking:

  • Use registered URL shorteners
  • Maintain consistent sender IDs
  • Avoid spam trigger words
  • Keep message frequency reasonable

SMS Best Practices for Jamaica (Digicel & Flow)

Messaging Strategy

  • Keep messages under 160 characters when possible
  • Include clear calls to action
  • Use personalization tokens wisely (e.g._ first name_ order number)
  • Maintain consistent branding
  • Test message variations with A/B testing
  • Optimize based on engagement metrics (click-through_ conversion)

Sending Frequency and Timing

  • Limit to 4–5 messages per month per user
  • Respect local holidays and cultural events
  • Space out messages by at least 3–5 days
  • Monitor engagement metrics to optimize timing

Engagement Benchmarks (Jamaica market averages):

  • Open rate: 95–98% (SMS inherently high)
  • Click-through rate: 15–25%
  • Response rate: 6–12%
  • Opt-out rate: Keep below 2%

Localization

  • Primary language: English
  • Use standard English spelling and grammar
  • Avoid local slang in business messages
  • Consider cultural context in message content

Jamaican Public Holidays to Avoid:

  • New Year's Day (January 1)
  • Ash Wednesday (varies)
  • Good Friday & Easter Monday (varies)
  • Labour Day (May 23)
  • Emancipation Day (August 1)
  • Independence Day (August 6)
  • National Heroes Day (third Monday in October)
  • Christmas Day (December 25)
  • Boxing Day (December 26)

Opt-Out Management

  • Process opt-outs within 24 hours
  • Send confirmation of opt-out
  • Maintain clean suppression lists
  • Regularly audit opt-out processes

Testing and Monitoring

  • Test across both major carriers (Digicel and Flow)
  • Monitor delivery rates by carrier
  • Track engagement metrics
  • Regularly test opt-out functionality

Key Metrics to Track:

MetricAcceptable ThresholdAction if Below
Delivery rate> 95%Check phone number formats, investigate carrier issues
Opt-out rate< 2%Review message frequency and content relevance
Click-through rate> 15%Test different CTAs, improve message clarity
Error rate< 1%Review error logs_ validate phone numbers

SMS API Integration: Twilio_ Sinch_ MessageBird & Plivo

Delivery Status Tracking and Webhooks

Set up webhooks to receive real-time delivery status updates:

Common Status Values:

  • queued: Message accepted and queued for delivery
  • sent: Message sent to carrier
  • delivered: Message successfully delivered to device
  • failed: Delivery failed
  • undelivered: Message could not be delivered

Webhook Setup Example (Express.js):

javascript
app.post('/webhook/sms-status'_ (req_ res) =&gt; {
  const { MessageStatus, To, MessageSid, ErrorCode } = req.body;

  console.log(`Message ${MessageSid} to ${To}: ${MessageStatus}`);

  if (MessageStatus === 'failed' || MessageStatus === 'undelivered') {
    console.error(`Delivery failed with error code: ${ErrorCode}`);
    // Handle failure (e.g., alert, retry, update database)
  }

  res.sendStatus(200);
});

Twilio SMS API for Jamaica

Twilio provides robust SMS API support for messaging to Jamaica. Authenticate using your account SID and auth token.

Key Parameters:

  • from: Sender ID (alphanumeric or phone number)
  • to: Recipient number in E.164 format (+1876XXXXXXX)
  • body: Message content (supports Unicode)
typescript
import { Twilio } from 'twilio';

// Initialize client with environment variables
const client = new Twilio(
  process.env.TWILIO_ACCOUNT_SID,
  process.env.TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN
);

async function sendSMSToJamaica(
  to: string,
  message: string
): Promise<void&gt; {
  try {
    // Send message using Twilio client
    const response = await client.messages.create({
      body: message,
      to: to,  // Format: +1876XXXXXXX
      from: process.env.TWILIO_PHONE_NUMBER,
      // Optional: statusCallback URL for delivery updates
      statusCallback: 'https://your-webhook.com/status'
    });

    console.log(`Message sent! SID: ${response.sid}`);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error sending message:', error);
    throw error;
  }
}

Sinch SMS API for Jamaica

Sinch offers comprehensive SMS capabilities for Jamaica through their REST API. Authenticate using a bearer token.

Key Parameters:

  • from: Sender identity
  • to: Array of recipient numbers
  • body: Message content
typescript
import axios from 'axios';

interface SinchMessage {
  from: string;
  to: string[];
  body: string;
}

async function sendSinchSMS(message: SinchMessage): Promise<void&gt; {
  const SINCH_API_TOKEN = process.env.SINCH_API_TOKEN;
  const SERVICE_PLAN_ID = process.env.SINCH_SERVICE_PLAN_ID;

  try {
    const response = await axios.post(
      `https://sms.api.sinch.com/xms/v1/${SERVICE_PLAN_ID}/batches`,
      message,
      {
        headers: {
          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
          'Authorization': `Bearer ${SINCH_API_TOKEN}`
        }
      }
    );

    console.log('Message sent:', response.data.id);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Sinch SMS Error:', error);
    throw error;
  }
}

MessageBird SMS API for Jamaica

MessageBird provides SMS services to Jamaica with straightforward REST API integration.

Key Parameters:

  • originator: Sender ID
  • recipients: Array of recipient numbers
  • body: Message content
typescript
import messagebird from 'messagebird';

const client = messagebird(process.env.MESSAGEBIRD_API_KEY);

interface MessageBirdParams {
  originator: string;
  recipients: string[];
  body: string;
}

function sendMessageBirdSMS(params: MessageBirdParams): Promise<void&gt; {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) =&gt; {
    client.messages.create(params, (err, response) =&gt; {
      if (err) {
        console.error('MessageBird Error:', err);
        reject(err);
        return;
      }
      console.log('Message sent:', response.id);
      resolve();
    });
  });
}

Plivo SMS API for Jamaica

Plivo offers reliable SMS delivery to Jamaica with REST API support.

Key Parameters:

  • src: Source number/sender ID
  • dst: Destination number
  • text: Message content
typescript
import plivo from 'plivo';

const client = new plivo.Client(
  process.env.PLIVO_AUTH_ID,
  process.env.PLIVO_AUTH_TOKEN
);

async function sendPlivoSMS(
  to: string,
  message: string
): Promise<void&gt; {
  try {
    const response = await client.messages.create({
      src: process.env.PLIVO_PHONE_NUMBER,
      dst: to,  // Format: +1876XXXXXXX
      text: message,
      // Optional: URL for delivery status updates
      url: 'https://your-webhook.com/status'
    });

    console.log('Message sent:', response.messageUuid[0]);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Plivo Error:', error);
    throw error;
  }
}

API Rate Limits and Throughput

  • Twilio: 250 messages per second
  • Sinch: 30 messages per second
  • MessageBird: 60 messages per second
  • Plivo: 50 messages per second

Strategies for Large-Scale Sending:

  • Implement queue systems (Redis/RabbitMQ)
  • Use batch APIs where available
  • Monitor throughput and adjust sending rates
  • Implement exponential backoff for retries

Rate Limiting Implementation Example:

typescript
import Bottleneck from 'bottleneck';

// Limit to 50 requests per second (Plivo example)
const limiter = new Bottleneck({
  maxConcurrent: 5,
  minTime: 20 // 20ms between requests = 50/sec
});

async function sendWithRateLimit(to: string, message: string) {
  return limiter.schedule(() =&gt; sendPlivoSMS(to, message));
}

// Send to multiple recipients
const recipients = ['+1876XXXXXXX', '+1876YYYYYYY'];
await Promise.all(
  recipients.map(to =&gt; sendWithRateLimit(to, 'Your message'))
);

Error Handling and Reporting

  • Implement comprehensive error logging
  • Monitor delivery receipts via webhooks
  • Track common error codes and their resolutions
  • Set up alerts for unusual error rates

Common Error Codes and Resolutions:

Error CodeProviderDescriptionResolution
21211TwilioInvalid 'To' phone numberValidate E.164 format (+1876XXXXXXX)
21408TwilioPermission to send deniedCheck account permissions, verify sender ID
21614TwilioDestination is landlineRemove from recipient list
30003TwilioUnreachable destinationVerify number is active, retry later
30005TwilioUnknown destination handsetRemove invalid number
30006TwilioLandline or unreachable carrierCheck carrier status, remove if persistent

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the correct phone number format for sending SMS to Jamaica?

Use E.164 format: +1876XXXXXXX. Jamaica uses the country code +1, area code 876, followed by a 7-digit local number. All SMS API calls should include the full international format starting with the plus sign.

Yes. Under Jamaica's Data Protection Act 2020, you must obtain informed, specific, unequivocal, and freely given consent before sending marketing messages. Maintain consent records for at least 2 years and provide clear opt-out mechanisms in every message.

Can I use alphanumeric sender IDs in Jamaica?

Yes, Jamaica supports alphanumeric sender IDs without pre-registration. Sender IDs must be 3-11 characters (letters, numbers, and single spaces). However, verify with your SMS provider that your account has this feature enabled before sending.

What are the best times to send SMS in Jamaica?

Send SMS between 10:00 AM and 6:00 PM EST (Jamaica time) for optimal engagement. Avoid Sundays and public holidays. Jamaica observes EST year-round without daylight saving time, making it one hour behind U.S. EDT during summer months.

Which mobile carriers operate in Jamaica?

Jamaica has two major mobile operators: Digicel (approximately 2.2 million subscribers) and Flow (approximately 1 million subscribers). Both carriers support SMS delivery, concatenated messages, and alphanumeric sender IDs.

Is number portability available in Jamaica?

Yes, mobile number portability has been available since July 2015. Customers can switch between Digicel and Flow while keeping their phone numbers. Mobile porting takes 24 hours, while landline porting takes up to 5 business days.

What SMS features are supported in Jamaica?

Jamaica supports concatenated messages (160 characters for GSM-7, 70 for Unicode), alphanumeric sender IDs, and international long codes. Two-way SMS is not supported through major providers. MMS messages convert to SMS with embedded URLs.

Are there SMS content restrictions in Jamaica?

Yes. Restricted industries include gambling, adult content, cryptocurrency promotions, and unauthorized financial services. Regulated industries like banking, healthcare, and insurance require additional compliance. Carriers may filter messages with excessive special characters, ALL CAPS, or unknown domain URLs.

What is Jamaica's time zone for SMS scheduling?

Jamaica observes Eastern Standard Time (EST, UTC-5) year-round. The country does not observe daylight saving time (discontinued October 30, 1983). During U.S. daylight saving periods (March-November), Jamaica is one hour behind EDT.

Which SMS APIs work for sending to Jamaica?

Major SMS API providers supporting Jamaica include Twilio, Sinch, MessageBird, and Plivo. All support alphanumeric sender IDs and E.164 phone number formatting. Rate limits vary: Twilio (250 msg/sec), MessageBird (60 msg/sec), Plivo (50 msg/sec), Sinch (30 msg/sec).

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Messages Not Delivering

Check:

  1. Phone number format (must be +1876XXXXXXX)
  2. Sender ID is enabled on your account
  3. Account has sufficient credits/balance
  4. Recipient hasn't blocked your sender ID

Solution: Validate numbers, check delivery receipts, review error codes

High Opt-Out Rates

Possible Causes:

  • Sending too frequently
  • Irrelevant content
  • Unclear sender identity
  • No value in messages

Solution: Reduce frequency, improve targeting, personalize content, include clear branding

Messages Being Filtered

Common Causes:

  • Spam trigger words (FREE, WIN, URGENT!!!)
  • ALL CAPS text
  • Unknown domain URLs
  • Inconsistent sender IDs

Solution: Review content guidelines, use registered domains, maintain consistent branding

Webhook Not Receiving Updates

Check:

  1. Webhook URL is publicly accessible (not localhost)
  2. HTTPS enabled with valid SSL certificate
  3. Endpoint returns 200 OK status
  4. Firewall not blocking provider IPs

Solution: Test with tools like webhook.site, check server logs, verify SSL configuration

Recap and Additional Resources

Key Takeaways:

  • Always format numbers in E.164 format (+1876XXXXXXX)
  • Implement proper error handling and monitoring
  • Follow data protection guidelines under the Data Protection Act 2020
  • Respect local time zones (EST year-round, no daylight saving time)
  • Note that number portability has been available since July 2015

Next Steps:

  1. Review Jamaica's Data Protection Act 2020
  2. Implement proper consent management per data protection requirements
  3. Set up monitoring and reporting systems
  4. Test thoroughly across Digicel and Flow networks

Regulatory Bodies:

Legal Framework:

  • Data Protection Act 2020 – Governs personal data processing, including mobile numbers for SMS marketing
  • Telecommunications Act – Primary legislation for telecommunications services regulation
  • Fair Competition Act – Consumer protection and fair trading practices

Key Industry Resources:

  • Jamaica number portability has been operational since July 2015
  • Industry Number Portability Guidelines (updated 2022) – Available through OUR
  • Major carriers: Digicel Jamaica (~2.2M subscribers) and Flow Jamaica (~1M subscribers)

Note: As of 2025, Jamaica has not published specific SMS marketing regulations. Follow the Data Protection Act 2020 and international best practices for consent, opt-out management, and data protection.

Frequently Asked Questions

Use an SMS API provider like Twilio, Sinch, MessageBird, or Plivo. Format recipient numbers in E.164 format (+1876XXXXXXX) and ensure compliance with local regulations. Remember to handle opt-in/opt-out and respect quiet hours.

GSM-7 encoding is recommended for basic Latin characters as it allows for the standard 160 characters per SMS. If special characters are required, use UCS-2, which limits messages to 70 characters before concatenation.

Two-way SMS is not readily available through major SMS providers in Jamaica. Businesses cannot receive direct SMS replies from customers using standard APIs. This limitation impacts interactive SMS services.

The recommended sending window is between 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM Eastern Time (ET), avoiding Sundays and public holidays. Aim for 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM ET for optimal engagement, but emergency messages can be sent outside these hours.

No, short codes are not currently supported in Jamaica. Use long codes for SMS campaigns, particularly international ones, which are fully supported and have a provisioning time of 1-2 business days.

Sending SMS messages to landlines in Jamaica is not supported. Attempts to do so will result in delivery failure and API errors, but no charges will be applied to the sender's account.

MMS messages are automatically converted to SMS messages containing a URL link to the media content. This ensures compatibility with all devices and still allows for sharing rich media.

Obtain explicit consent before sending marketing messages, honor STOP/HELP commands, maintain opt-out lists, and respect sending windows. Adhere to guidelines set by the Office of Utilities Regulation (OUR) and the Fair Trading Commission (FTC).

Keep messages concise (under 160 characters), include clear calls to action, personalize content, and maintain consistent branding. Limit messages to 4-5 per month per user and monitor engagement metrics.

Restricted content includes gambling, adult material, cryptocurrency promotions, and unauthorized financial services. Regulated industries like banking, healthcare, and insurance require specific approvals and compliance measures.

Carriers often filter URLs from unknown domains, excessive exclamation marks, all-caps messages, and excessive special characters. Use registered URL shorteners and avoid spam trigger words to prevent blocking.

Alphanumeric sender IDs are supported and do not require pre-registration. Sender IDs are preserved as sent, providing consistent branding for SMS campaigns.

Twilio allows 250 messages/second, Sinch 30/second, MessageBird 60/second, and Plivo 50/second. Manage large-scale sending with queue systems, batch APIs, and exponential backoff for retries.

Key parameters include 'from' (sender ID), 'to' (recipient in E.164 format), 'body' (message content), and optionally 'statusCallback' for delivery updates. Ensure accurate number formatting.

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